B. Scale and measurement:
distances, areas reduction and enlargement, directions, bearings, and gradients with reference to topographical maps

C. Map reading and interpretation;
drawing of cross profiles, recognition of intervisibility, recognition, and description of physical and human features and relationship as depicted on topographic maps.

D. Interpretation of statistical data;
Maps and diagrams

E. Elementary Surveying;
Chain and prismatic.

Open and close traverse.

Procedure.

Problems.

Advantages and disadvantages.

F. Geographic Information System (GIS):
Components.

Techniques.

Data.

Sources.

Applications

Candidates should be able to:
i. illustrate the relief of an area through profile drawing;
ii. interpret physical and human features from topographical maps.

Candidates should be able to:
i.Compute quantitative information from statistical data, diagrams, and maps,
ii. interpret statistical data, diagrams, and maps.

Candidates should be able to:
i. analyze the principle and procedure of each technique;
ii. compare the advantages of the two techniques.

Candidates should be able to:
i. Understand GIS and its uses.
ii. Understand the computer system of data capturing and analysis
iii. Express locations through the use of latitudes, longitudes, zip codes etc.
iv. Understand land surveying, remote sensing, map digitizing, map scanning as sources of data.
v. Explain areas of use: Defense, Agriculture, Rural Development etc.
vi. Identify problems with GIS in Nigeria.

Latitudes and distances, longitudes and time.

B. The Earth Crust
The structure of the earth (internal and external) Relationships among the four spheres.

Rocks: Types, characteristics, modes of formation and uses

Earth’s movement: Tectonic forces

Major Landforms: Mountains, Plateaux, Plains, Coastal landforms, karst topography and desert landforms.

C. Volcanism and Earthquakes
landforms associated with volcanic activities

Landforms of Igneous Rocks

origin and types of Volcanoes

some volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

D. Denudation processes in the tropics
weathering

erosion

mass movement

deposition

E. Water Bodies
Oceans and seas (world distribution, salinity, and uses)

Ocean currents – types, distribution, causes, and effects;

Lakes – types, distribution and uses.

Rivers: Action of running water.

F. Weather and Climate:
Concept of weather and climate

Elements of weather and climate

Factors controlling weather and climate (pressure, air mass, altitude, continentality, and winds)

Classification of climate (Greek and Koppen).

Major climate types (Koppen), their characteristics, and distribution.

Measuring and recording weather parameters and instruments used.

The basic science of climate change.

G. Vegetation
Factors controlling growth of plants

The concept of vegetation e.g. plant communities and succession

Major types of vegetation, their characteristics and distribution,

Impact of human activities on vegetation.

H. Soils
Definition and properties

Factors and processes of formation

Soil profiles

Major tropical types, their characteristics, distribution and uses;

Impact of human activities on soils.

I. Environmental Resources;
Types of resources (atmospheric, land, soil, Vegetation and minerals)

The concept of renewable and non- renewable resources.

J. Environmental interaction:
Land ecosystem

Environmental balance and human interaction

K. Environmental hazards:
Natural hazards (droughts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding)

Man-induced (soil erosion, deforestation, pollution, flooding and desertification)

Effects, prevention and control of hazards.

L. Environmental Conservation

Candidates should be able to:
i. explain the processes of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
ii. describe the different landforms associated with both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
iii. give examples of major volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in the world.

Candidates should be able to:
i. identify the agents of denudation
ii. associate landforms with each process and agent.

Candidates should be able to:
i. locate oceans and seas on the globe;
ii. examine the characteristics and uses of oceans and seas;
iii. classify the types of ocean currents;
iv. account for the distribution of ocean currents;
v. evaluate the causes and effects of ocean currents;
vi. identify the types and location of lakes;
vii. indicate the characteristics and uses of lakes
viii. identify the landforms of the different stages of a river course.

Candidates should be able to:
i. differentiate between weather and climate;
ii differentiate between the elements of weather and climate;
iii isolate the factors controlling weather and climate;
iv compare Koppen’s and Greek’s classifications
v identify the major types of climate according to Koppen;
vi relate the weather instruments to their uses.
vii define climate change
viii understand the causes of climate change
I understand the effects and remedies of climate change.

Candidates should be able to:
i. trace the factors controlling the growth of plants;
ii analyze the process of vegetation development;
iii identify the types, their characteristics and distribution;
iv assess the impact of human activities on vegetation.

Candidates should be able to:
i. classify soils and their properties;
ii. isolate the factors of formation;
iii. differentiate between the different types of soil horizons and their characteristics;
iv. compare the major tropical soil types and uses of soils;
v. account for the distribution and uses of soils;
vi. assess the impact of human activities on soils.

Candidates should be able to:
i. interpret the concept of environmental resources;
ii. relate environmental resources to their uses;
iii. differentiate between the concepts of renewable and non-renewable resources.

Candidates should be able to:
i. identify the components of land ecosystem;
ii. establish the interrelationship within the ecosystem;
iii. interpret the concept of environmental balance;
iv. analyze the effects of human activities on the land ecosystem.

Candidates should be able to:
i. identify the natural hazards and their causes;
ii. relate the human-induced hazards to their causes;
iii. locate the major areas where they are common and their effects;
iv. recommend possible methods of prevention and control.

Candidates should be able to:
i. Explain with examples environmental conservation
ii discuss the different methods of environmental conservation.
iii Explain the need/importance of environmental conservation

Factors and patterns of population distribution;

Factors and problems of population growth.

B. Settlement with particular reference to Western Europe, the USA, Middle East and West Africa:
Types and patterns: rural and urban, dispersed, nucleated and linear;

Rural settlement: classification, factors of growth and functions;

Urban settlement – classification, factors of growth and functions.

Problems of urban centers

Interrelationship between rural and urban settlements.

C. Selected economic activities:
Types of economic activities: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary;

Agriculture: types, system, factors and problems

Manufacturing industries, types, locational factors, distribution and socio- economic importance and problems of industrialization in tropical Africa.

Transportation and Communication types, roles in economic development and communication in tropical Africa.

World trade-factors and patterns of world trade, major commodities (origin, routes and destinations).

Tourism: definition, importance, location, problems and solutions.

Candidates should be able to:
i. identify the types of economic activities;
ii. differentiate between the types of economic activities;
iii. assess Agriculture as an economic activity;
iv. compare the types of manufacturing industries;
v. identify the factors of industrial location;
vi. examine the socio-economic importance of manufacturing industries;
vii. give reasons for the problems of industrialization in tropical Africa;
viii. differentiate between the types and means of transportation and communication;
ix. assess the economic importance of transport;
x. give reasons for the problems of transportation in tropical Africa;
xi. relate the factors to the pattern of world trade.
xii. classify the major commodities of trade in terms of their origins, routes and destination.
xiii. Analyze tourism as an economic activity.

Population: size, distribution, migration, (types, problems and effects);

Natural Resources: types (minerals, soils, Water, vegetation etc) distribution, uses and conservation.

B. Economic and Human Geography:
Agricultural Systems: the major crops produced, problems of agricultural development in Nigeria.

Manufacturing Industries: factors of location, types of products, marketing and problems associated with manufacturing;

Transportation and Communication: modes of transportation and communication and their relative advantages and disadvantages;

Trade: Regional and International Trade, advantages and disadvantages;

Tourism: types, importance, problems, and solutions.

C. ECOWAS:
Meaning and objectives

Member states

Advantages and benefits

Disadvantages, problems, and solutions

Candidates should be able to:
i. State the meaning, purpose, and objectives;
ii. identify and locate the member countries;
iii. evaluate the prospects and problems of the organization.